Designers have to coordinate the engineering and technical requirements of manufacturing, and the use and appearance of the object from the client's perspective. Past materials and methods as well as new innovative materials and methods are outlined - from the Industrial Revolution's use of coke to mass produce cast iron to the development of semi-synthetic materials (ebonite, celluloid, etc.) and the first totally synthetic material (bakelite) that contained different marbling effects in pieces produced in the same mold (differentiation in mass production) and aluminum. Phenolic resin used to mold cases for appliances (record players, cameras, radios, etc.), pressed sheet metal, and steel were used to create many iconic designs of the World War II era.
Military research resulted in mechanical welding replacing riveting and the development of many synthetic materials - thermoplastics such as nylon, plexiglass, Tupperware, polyethylene and polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, and ABS. Two that made particular impact in the 1930's were polyurethane and polyester (especially fiberglass-strengthened polyester).
Composite materials (reinforced plastics, laminates, reinforced concrete, metal alloys) are based on natural structures.
CAD (computer aided design) and rapid prototyping are described, as well as ecological design, as well as choice of materials.
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